The evolutionary brain
I am just a layman on these matters. I just like thinking about evolutionary processes. I like to think that understanding evolutionary processes can perhaps lead to innovative new applications. In IT for example.
Thinking about the evolution of human kind and thus also the evolution of our brains I visualized our brain to contain very abstract algorithms. Algorithms that change over time and are highly adaptive and highly interactive with all other algorithms in our brain.
Take for example object recognition. Our brains are excellent recognition machines. We do not simply recognize a particular shape like a square or a circle, but also all the varieties of those shapes. We apparently have some highly abstract notion of all kinds of shapes. This notion is accompanied by the ability to recognize for example repetition or patterns and their change over time. Perhaps these are also two (or more) kinds of abstract algorithms. Question is, is this a good model of how our brains work?
I just watched a very interesting interview with Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. They are pioneers in the field of evolutionary psychology. They devote their time to discover and understand the design of the human mind. In their view the mind is a set of information-processing machines that were designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors. Or as Tooby says in the interview “‘Matrix’ programs playing in our head structuring the world for us”. Interesting indeed.
So perhaps our brains do indeed contain a set of abstract, highly adaptive programs which change over time via an evolutionary process. However this just raises a lot of questions for me. How many of such programs are there? 10, 100, thousands, millions? And where are these programs described? That should be simple to answer: in your DNA. Really? How many genomes do you need to describe one brain program? 10, 100, thousands of genomes? Most probably not. Because there are much less genomes then we originally thought. In this interview with Craig Venter he states that there are probably ‘just’ 40.000 genomes. Ten years of genome research has learned us that we still know very little about how these information blocks, DNA and genomes, actually describe us as humans. If we will ever know how our brain programs look like thus remains to be seen. Yet another puzzle to resolve.
This shouldn’t stop us to keep thinking. And luckily people indeed do not stop thinking. A new Scientist article describes how artificial life forms evolve basic intelligence. Using computer models (a.k.a. artificial life forms) and using software based evolution people are creating digital organisms. Over many generations these digital organisms develop for example a simple short-term memory. Given the right conditions, environment and feedback loops these digital organisms can perhaps evolve in artificial life forms that can do remarkable things. Interestingly enough they do this not by reproducing high-level intelligence in a computer but by building complex traits from the bottom up using very simple things. This is exactly what happens in nature (see also Emergence). We have evolved into very complex beings. But it al started with very simple things like atoms, molecules, proteins, RNA, DNA, etc.
One day there will be an artificial life form or an adaptive computer program that will be able to really understand what I (and others) am saying and that is perhaps even able to talk back to me in a voice that resembles my own.
Update: In this article by PZ Myers titled “Ray Kurzweil does not understand the brain” Myers explains:
“The genome is not the program; it’s the data. The program is the ontogeny of the organism, which is an emergent property of interactions between the regulatory components of the genome and the environment, which uses that data to build species-specific properties of the organism.”
Update 2: Ray Kurzweil responds to PZ Myers article. Ray Kurzweil explains:
“It is true that the brain gains a great deal of information by interacting with its environment – it is an adaptive learning system. But we should not confuse the information that is learned with the innate design of the brain. The question we are trying to address is: what is the complexity of this system (that we call the brain) that makes it capable of self-organizing and learning from its environment? The original source of that design is the genome (plus a small amount of information from the epigenetic machinery), so we can gain an estimate of the amount of information in this way.”

